Mushroom Cluster

A cluster of large mushrooms appeared after a recent rain. I haven't seen this species before. Here are some pictures.



After a few days, mushrooms were open:



I spied a couple of flies: suspect they are the spore vectors.



I wanted to take a peak under the umbrella:

Great Cascadia Earthquake of 1700 M9.0

Yesterday's humongous earthquake in Japan is already listed in Wikipedia as the 7th biggest earthquake, based on its Magnitude of 8.9. Wow! I was drawn to #6, Great Cascadia Earthquake, as it was on the North American Continent---the home continent, with a Magnitude of 9.0.

The date and time of the Great Cascadia Earthquake in Oregon, Washington, and BC, was reconstructed by several methods. In particular, detailed Japanese descriptions/records of a Tsunami in the year 1700 made it possible, four hundred years later, to reconstruct the time of the Great Cascadia Earthquake. They arrived at an estimate of the evening (about 21:00 local time) of 26 January 1700. The paper is unavailable to download, as it is published in the journal Nature:

K Satake, K Shimazaki, Y Tsuji, K Ueda. Time and size of a giant earthquake in Cascadia inferred from Japanese tsunami records of January 1700. Nature 379, 246-249 (1996).

The Abstract:

GEOLOGICAL evidence shows that great earthquakes have occurred in the recent prehistoric past in the Cascadia subduction zone, off the Pacific coast of North America. The most recent event (or series of events) is dated at about 300 years ago, but the precise date and magnitude have not been determined. Geological investigations have not been able to distinguish a single giant earthquake from a series of great earthquakes occurring over a timespan of a decade or two4, although this information is important for the assessment of future hazard. We have found several tsunami records in Japan from AD 1700 with no indication of a local cause. Historical earthquake records and palaeoseismic evidence indicate the absence of a large earthquake in 1700 in South America, Alaska or Kamchatka, leaving Cascadia as the most likely source of this tsunami. The estimated time of the earthquake is the evening (about 21:00 local time) of 26 January 1700. The magnitude is estimated as 9 from the tsunami heights, in which case the earthquake ruptured the entire length of the Cascadia subduction zone2. These estimates are consistent with Native American legends that an earthquake occurred on a winter night.

A review is found in html:here.

Tree ring studies (including one by Yamaguchi et al. have also corroborated the 1700 date. And on Google Scholar one notes several studies of sediment layering in estuaries along the Oregon Coast.

I am particularly drawn to the paper by Ludwin et al.: an estimate--perhaps not as accurate as the above, but more fun to read---from pacific Northwest native stories: Downloadable here. From an analysis of Native Stories (accounts including oral remembrances of great grandchildren) they arrived at a close estimate, as referenced by Satake et al.:

The stories were told between 1860 and 1964. Figure 2 tabulates the accounts
and gives estimated date ranges. Date range minima and maxima are 1400 and 1825. All estimates span the interval between 1690 and 1715, and the average value of the mid-points of the date ranges is 1690. Discarding the earliest and latest midpoints yields an average midpoint date of 1701. This is remarkably consistent with the 1700 date of the most recent CSZ earthquake.

Here is a list of the historical 24 earthquakes of highest magnitude,
from Wikipedia. Notice that on the very day of the 7th Earthquake,
this was added to the Wikipedia record.

Pos.	Date	Location	Name	Magnitude
1	May 22, 1960	Valdivia, Chile	1960 Valdivia earthquake	9.5
2	March 27, 1964	Prince William Sound, USA	1964 Alaska earthquake	9.2
3	December 26, 2004	Sumatra, Indonesia	2004 Indian Ocean earthquake	9.1
4	November 4, 1952	Kamchatka, Russia (then USSR)	Kamchatka earthquakes	9.0 1
5	August 13, 1868	Arica, Chile (then Peru)	1868 Arica earthquake	9.0 2
6	January 26, 1700	Pacific Ocean, Japan and USA and Canada	1700 Cascadia earthquake	9.03
7	March 11, 2011	Sendai, Japan	2011 Sendai earthquake	8.94
8	February 27, 2010	Maule, Chile	2010 Chile earthquake	8.8
9	January 31, 1906	Ecuador–Colombia	1906 Ecuador-Colombia earthquake	8.8
10	November 25, 1833	Sumatra, Indonesia	1833 Sumatra earthquake	8.8
11	February 4, 1965	Rat Islands, Alaska, USA	1965 Rat Islands earthquake	8.7
12	November 1, 1755	Lisbon, Portugal	1755 Lisbon earthquake	8.7 5
13	July 8, 1730	Valparaiso, Chile	1730 Valparaiso earthquake	8.7 6
14	March 28, 2005	Sumatra, Indonesia	2005 Sumatra earthquake	8.6
15	March 9, 1957	Andreanof Islands, Alaska, USA	1957 Andreanof Islands earthquake	8.6
16	August 15, 1950	Assam, India – Tibet, China	1950 Medog earthquake	8.6
17	September 12, 2007	Sumatra, Indonesia	September 2007 Sumatra earthquakes	8.5
18	October 13, 1963	Kuril Islands, Russia (USSR)	1963 Kuril Islands earthquake	8.5 7
19	February 1, 1938	Banda Sea, Indonesia (Dutch East Indies)	1938 Banda Sea earthquake	8.5
20	February 3, 1923	Kamchatka, Russia (USSR)	Kamchatka earthquakes	8.5 7
21	November 11, 1922	Atacama Region, Chile	1922 Vallenar earthquake	8.5 8
22	May 24, 1751	Concepción, Chile (Kingdom of Chile)	1751 Concepción earthquake	8.5
23	October 20, 1687	Lima, Peru (Viceroyalty of Peru)	1687 Peru earthquake	8.5
24	December 16, 1575	Valdivia, Chile (Kingdom of Chile)	1575 Valdivia earthquake	8.5

Erythrina variegata: calendar tree of the Pacific

Erythrina variegata and its congeners are widely used as calendrical markers in Pacific Island cultures.  I have selected it, for now, as a header because it serves as an exemplar of certain research interests.  This particular tree is located on the campus of Kagman High School.  It is a tree worthy of a tale.

Despite its status as a cultural icon on numerous Pacific islands (7 I know about), on Saipan it is not a tree that is welcomed by farmers, because it serves as a reservoir for pest species.  Aubrey Moore identified it as the larval host of   Eudocima fullonia, a fruit-piercing moth.  The Erythrina gall wasp is also a problem, as noted by Aubrey Moore of the University of Guam (pers. comm.): "the erythrina gall wasp invaded Hawaii where it has become a huge problem, killing their endimic erythrina and the tall wiliwili commonly used for windbreaks.  This gall forming wasp has rapidly spread to other Pacific islands."   He also states that this tree is not considered endemic to Pacific Islands.

That latter point is of interest, because the flame tree is honored by a festival in spring / early summer, on Saipan, yet it is not a native species.

Erythrina spp. are reported as caledrical markers in New Caledonia, Palau, Lamotrek (Caroline Islands), Pohnpei, Hawaii, Tahiti, and Samoa. Even more interesting, on most of these islands its flowering is associated with pelagic events, including shark hunting, drifting logs, and whaling. Klee, in his M.S. Thesis about Palauan time reckoning, mentioned that this tree is of special interest as a dry season blooming tree, and that it always blooms the same time every year, regardless of the weather.

[caption id="attachment_10" align="alignnone" width="420" caption="Erythrina variegata at Kagman High School, 18 February 2011."][/caption]

The photo in the header was taken on February 18, 2011. This is a tale with many more twists and turns, as I intend to follow up upon.